Historical Perspectives on Flavivirus Research

Historical Perspectives on Flavivirus Research

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquito or tick vectors. These "arboviruses" are found around the world and account for a significant number of cases of human disease. The flaviviruses cause diseases ranging from mild or sub-clinical infections to lethal hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. In many cases, survivors of neurologic flavivirus...

Grade retention: historical perspectives and new research.

Cattle transport: Historical, research, and future perspectives

Transportation and handling is generally regarded as stressful to cattle and includes both physical and psychological stimuli that might be aversive. Historical accounts relate high mortality during the early days of transport and concerns for the welfare of cattle that are similar to those today. Behavior, pathology, and physiology are all used to identify stress in response to transportation....

Advice for young investigators: historical perspectives on scientific research.

Physicians attempting to carry out well-executed scientific investigations require an historical perspective; an awareness of our ignorance; an imagination unencumbered by scientific prejudices; originality, curiosity and imagination; patience and persistence in the face of frustration; adaptability and perseverance; a critical spirit of evaluation and willingness to question dogma; devotion to...

Historical Perspectives on Exotic

In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, California agriculture underwent a fundamental transformation as the state’s farmers shifted from the production of wheat to a rich variety of tree, vine, and row crops. This transformation required a wholesale shift in the production processes, with new farming practices, new labor systems, and new marketing structures. But success also req...